EN
Iron is classified as a metal. It is unstable in air and will oxidise to form iron oxides, commonly known as rust.
Iron naturally exists in rivers, lakes and underground water. It can also be released into water from man-made sources such as industrial waste and corrosion of iron pipes. Iron can be present in water in two forms: the soluble ferrous iron (Fe2+) or the insoluble ferric iron (Fe3+).
Iron has several properties that make it very useful for a wide range of industries. Iron is a soft metal but when combined with other components it becomes very strong and can be used for a variety of applications. Additionally, iron can deform under pressure making it easy to work with and shape.
Iron is used as a constructional material for drinking water pipes. Iron oxides are used as pigments in paints and plastics.
Below we outline where you may find iron and why it should be monitored.
Iron in drinking water can result from corrosion of iron pipes. Additionally, natural water often contains high amounts of iron, and so removal of iron during drinking water processing is common.
The EPA consider iron in drinking water as a secondary contaminant, which means it does not have a direct impact on health. However high levels of iron in drinking water can result in an unpleasant metallic taste and discolouration of the water. In the UK, DWI state a national requirement for the maximum concentration of iron in drinking water at 200 µg/L.
Concentrations of iron as low as 0.3 mg/L can leave reddish brown stains on laundry, baths, showers and sinks.
Monitoring of iron levels in pools can avoid turbidity or red, brown or green staining; commonly caused by erosion of pool equipment.
Iron is considered as an essential plant nutrient – plants need iron to grow and remain healthy. Without iron plants would be unable to produce chlorophyll which gives the plant oxygen and its green colour. Plants can get iron from ferric oxide that is present in the soil and from decomposing plant matter (e.g. compost).
High amounts of iron in water used for irrigation can cause insoluble iron salts to form which can block piping. A careful balance of iron is required, this can be managed through regular testing and monitoring.
Iron is present in most wastewaters. The total iron levels in industrial water must be maintained at low concentrations to avoid chemical and physical interference with industrial processes.
Iron removal from wastewater may be achieved through oxidation of ferrous iron to ferric iron. Oxidants such as ozone, or potassium permanganate are used to oxidise soluble iron to insoluble iron.
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